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Using a VPN is a terrific way to shield your internet traffic when you are traveling, but it's not a solution for encrypting your local files. .

When the FBI needed information from the San Bernardino shot's iPhone, they asked Apple to get a rear door to get past the encryption. But no such back door existed, and Apple refused to create one. The FBI needed to employ hackers to get into the phone.

Why wouldn't Apple help Since the moment a rear door or similar hack exists, it will become a goal, a prize for the poor guys. It'll flow sooner or later. In a talk at Black Hat last summer, Apple's Ivan Krstic revealed the company has done something similar in their cryptographic servers.

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Apple can't update thembut the bad guys can't get in either. .

Each of the products in this roundup explicitly say they have no back door, and that is as it ought to be. It does mean that in the event you encrypt an essential document and then forget that the encryption password, then you've lost it for good.

Back in the day, if you wanted to maintain a document secret you could use a cipher to encrypt it and then burn the original. Or you could lock it up in a protected. The two main methods in encryption utilities parallel those options.

One sort of product simply processes files and folders, turning them into impenetrable encrypted versions of themselves. The other creates a virtual disc drive that, when open, acts like any other drive on your system. When you lock the digital drive, each the documents that you put into it are entirely inaccessible. .

Similar to the virtual drive solution, a few products save your encrypted information in the cloud. This approach demands extreme caution, obviously. Encrypted data in the cloud has a far larger attack surface than encrypted data on your own PC.

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Which is better It really depends on how you plan on using encryption. If you're not sure, take advantage of the 30-day free trial offered by each of these products to get a feel for the different options.

After you copy a document into secure storage, or make an encrypted version of it, you definitely need to wipe the unencrypted original. Simply deleting it isn't sufficient, even if you bypass the Recycle Bin, since the data still exists on disc, and data retrieval utilities can often return back. .

Some encryption products prevent this issue by encrypting the document in place, literally overwriting it on disk with an encrypted version. It's more common, however, to provide safe deletion as an option. If you select a product that lacks this feature, you should find a free secure deletion tool to use along with it. .

Overwriting data before deletion is sufficient to balk software-based recovery tools. Hardware-based forensic retrieval functions since the magnetic recording of data on a hard drive isn't actually digital. It's more of a waveform. In simple terms, the procedure involves nulling out the known data and reading around the edges of what is left.

An encryption algorithm is similar to a black box. Dump a document, image, or other file into it, and you get back what seems like gibberish. Run that gibberish back via the box, using the same password, and you get back the original.

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The U.S. government has depended on Advanced click this Encryption Standard (AES) as a standard, and all the products gathered here support AES. Even those that support other algorithms tend to recommend using AES.

If you're an encryption expert, you might want another algorithm, Blowfish, perhaps, or the Soviet government's GOST. For the average consumer, however, AES is just fine.

Passwords are important, and you must keep them confidential, right Well, not when you use Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) cryptography.

With PKI, you receive two keys. One is public; you can discuss it with anyone, enroll it in an integral exchange, tattoo it on your foreheadwhatever you like. The other is private, and should be carefully guarded. If I want to send you a key document, I simply encrypt it with your public key.

Simple! .

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Using this program in reverse, you can create a digital signature that proves your document came from you and hasn't been altered. How Exactly To encrypt it with your private key. The fact that your public key decrypts it is all the proof you need. PKI service is less common than support for traditional symmetric algorithms. .

If you want to share a file with someone and your encryption application doesn't support PKI, there are different options for sharing. Many products allow creation of a self-decrypting executable file. You may also find that the recipient can use a complimentary, decryption-only tool.